Microbe wakes up after 120,000 years
After more than 120,000 years trapped beneath a block of ice in Greenland, a tiny microbe has awoken. The long-lasting bacteria may hold clues to what life forms might exist on other planets.
The new bacteria species was found nearly 2 miles beneath a Greenland glacier, where temperatures can dip well below freezing, pressure soars, and food and oxygen are scarce.
"We don't know what state they were in," said study team member Jean Brenchley of Pennsylvania State University. "They could've been dormant, or they could've been slowly metabolizing, but we don't know for sure."
Dormant would mean the bacteria were in a spore-like state in which there's not a lot of metabolism going on, so the bacteria wouldn't be reproducing much. It's possible the bacteria could have been slowly metabolizing and replicating.
"Microbes have found ways to survive in harsh conditions for long times that we don't yet fully understand," Brenchley told LiveScience.
To coax the bacteria back to life, Brenchley, Jennifer Loveland-Curtze and their Penn State colleagues incubated the samples at 36 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) for seven months, followed by more than four months at 41 degrees F (5 degrees C).
The resulting colonies of the originally purple-brown bacteria, now named Herminiimonas glaciei, are alive and well.
"We were able to recover it and get it to grow in our laboratory," Brenchley said. "It was viable."
Such vigor is partially due to the microbe's small size, the scientists speculate. Boasting dimensions that are 10 to 50 times smaller than Escherichia coli, the new bacteria likely could more efficiently absorb nutrients due to a larger surface-to-volume ratio. Tiny microbes like this one can also hide more easily from predators and take up residence among ice crystals and in the thin liquid film on those surfaces.
H. glaciei is not the first bacteria species resurrected after a possibly lengthy snooze beneath the ice. Loveland-Curtze and her team reported another hardy bacterium in the same area that had survived for about 120,000 years as well. Chryseobacterium greenlandensis had tiny bud-like structures on its surface that may have played a role in the organism's survival. Another bacterium survived more than 32,000 years in an Arctic tunnel, and was brought back to life a few years ago.
The harsh conditions endured by these microbes serve as models of other planets.
"These extremely cold environments are the best analogues of possible extraterrestrial habitats," Loveland-Curtze said, referring to the Greenland glacier. "The exceptionally low temperatures can preserve cells and nucleic acids for even millions of years."
And studying such microorganisms may provide insight into what sorts of life forms could survive elsewhere in the solar system.
The new bacterium is described in the current issue of the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.
© 2009 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved.
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Space Shuttle Press Kits
NASA produced Mission Press Kits for all shuttle flights except those dedicated to the Department of Defense flights. These kits serve as the foundation for the materials in this section.
PLEASE NOTE*: the data was re-keyed, typographical errors corrected, and the entire series reformatted for style consistency. All graphics from the original press kits have been scanned and are included. Additions to the original press kit data include: crew mission insignias that include official NASA descriptions and photo numbers; crew photos with NASA descriptions and photo ID numbers to the "biography" sections; a graphic showing all shuttle flights through STS-111 have been added to the final page of each kit; and for STS-1 through STS-4, scans of the original color covers have been included.
The documents have been exported to individual Adobe Acrobat PDF files for easy searching and viewing. You will need the free Adobe Acrobat Reader to view these files.
*These materials were provided courtesy of Richard W. Orloff.
http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/shuttle_pk/shuttle_press.htm
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PLEASE NOTE*: the data was re-keyed, typographical errors corrected, and the entire series reformatted for style consistency. All graphics from the original press kits have been scanned and are included. Additions to the original press kit data include: crew mission insignias that include official NASA descriptions and photo numbers; crew photos with NASA descriptions and photo ID numbers to the "biography" sections; a graphic showing all shuttle flights through STS-111 have been added to the final page of each kit; and for STS-1 through STS-4, scans of the original color covers have been included.
The documents have been exported to individual Adobe Acrobat PDF files for easy searching and viewing. You will need the free Adobe Acrobat Reader to view these files.
*These materials were provided courtesy of Richard W. Orloff.
http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/shuttle_pk/shuttle_press.htm
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new astronomy toolbar for IE
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Nasa Wallpapers
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Sky Atlas 2000.0 (2nd Edition, Desk Version) by Wil Tirion & Roger W. Sinnott
Sky Atlas 2000.0 (2nd Edition, Desk Version) by Wil Tirion & Roger W. Sinnott
Sky Atlas 2000.0 in its second edition offers nearly 90,000 stars, with all positions derived from the Hipparcos database, the most accurate survey ever undertaken. In this Desk Version, the 29 charts show stars and deep-sky objects in black on a white background. The map area is 460 x 330 mm (18 by 13 inches). The charts are printed on heavy paper, and for ease of use they are unbound and boxed. In this format the Atlas will be indispensable as an aid to telescope users who prefer to plan their observing on the desktop.
CLICK HERE
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Sky Atlas 2000.0 in its second edition offers nearly 90,000 stars, with all positions derived from the Hipparcos database, the most accurate survey ever undertaken. In this Desk Version, the 29 charts show stars and deep-sky objects in black on a white background. The map area is 460 x 330 mm (18 by 13 inches). The charts are printed on heavy paper, and for ease of use they are unbound and boxed. In this format the Atlas will be indispensable as an aid to telescope users who prefer to plan their observing on the desktop.
CLICK HERE
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Encyclopedia of Dinosaur
Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
Philip J. Currie, Kevin Padian Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
Academic Press | 1997-09-17 | ISBN: 0122268105 | 869 pages | PDF | 68,19 Mb
This book is the most authoritative encyclopedia ever prepared on dinosaurs and dinosaur science. In addition to entries on specific animals such as Tyrannosaurus, Triceratops, and Velociraptor, the Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs covers reproduction, behavior, physiology, and extinction. The book is generously illustrated with many detailed drawings and photographs, and includes color pictures and illustrations that feature interpretations of the best known and most important animals. All alphabetical entries are cross-referenced internally, as well as at the end of each entry. The Encyclopedia includes up-to-date references that encourage the reader to investigate personal interests.
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Philip J. Currie, Kevin Padian Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
Academic Press | 1997-09-17 | ISBN: 0122268105 | 869 pages | PDF | 68,19 Mb
This book is the most authoritative encyclopedia ever prepared on dinosaurs and dinosaur science. In addition to entries on specific animals such as Tyrannosaurus, Triceratops, and Velociraptor, the Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs covers reproduction, behavior, physiology, and extinction. The book is generously illustrated with many detailed drawings and photographs, and includes color pictures and illustrations that feature interpretations of the best known and most important animals. All alphabetical entries are cross-referenced internally, as well as at the end of each entry. The Encyclopedia includes up-to-date references that encourage the reader to investigate personal interests.
CLICK HERE
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